1. Name Tags
2. Tag Grenoble

In information systems, a tag is a keyword or term assigned to a piece of information (such as an Internet bookmark, digital image, database record, or computer file). This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching.^[1] Tags are generally chosen informally and personally by the item's creator or by its viewer, depending on the system, although they may also be chosen from a controlled vocabulary.^[2]:68

Tagging was popularized by websites associated with Web 2.0 and is an important feature of many Web 2.0 services.^[2][3] It is now also part of other database systems, desktop applications, and operating systems.^[4]

Tag definition is - a loose hanging piece of cloth: tatter. How to use tag in a sentence. Ntta increases speed limits on south end of the dallas north tollway.

• 3Examples
• 4Special types
• 5Advantages and disadvantages

Overview[edit]

People use tags to aid classification, mark ownership, note boundaries, and indicate online identity. Tags may take the form of words, images, or other identifying marks. An analogous example of tags in the physical world is museum object tagging. People were using textual keywords to classify information and objects long before computers. Computer based search algorithms made the use of such keywords a rapid way of exploring records.

Tagging gained popularity due to the growth of social bookmarking, image sharing, and social networking websites.^[2] These sites allow users to create and manage labels (or 'tags') that categorize content using simple keywords. Websites that include tags often display collections of tags as tag clouds,^[5] as do some desktop applications.^[6] On websites that aggregate the tags of all users, an individual user's tags can be useful both to them and to the larger community of the website's users.

Tagging systems have sometimes been classified into two kinds: top-down and bottom-up.^{[3]:142[4]:24} Top-down taxonomies are created by an authorized group of designers (sometimes in the form of a controlled vocabulary), whereas bottom-up taxonomies (called folksonomies) are created by all users.^[3]:142 This definition of 'top down' and 'bottom up' should not be confused with the distinction between a single hierarchicaltree structure (in which there is one correct way to classify each item) versus multiple non-hierarchicalsets (in which there are multiple ways to classify an item); the structure of both top-down and bottom-up taxonomies may be either hierarchical, non-hierarchical, or a combination of both.^{[3]:142–143} Some researchers and applications have experimented with combining hierarchical and non-hierarchical tagging to aid in information retrieval.^[7][8][9] Others are combining top-down and bottom-up tagging,^[10] including in some large library catalogs (OPACs) such as WorldCat.^{[11][12]:74[13][14]}

When tags or other taxonomies have further properties (or semantics) such as relationships and attributes, they constitute an ontology.^[3]:56–62

Metadata tags as described in this article should not be confused with the use of the word 'tag' in some software to refer to an automatically generated cross-reference; examples of the latter are tags tables in Emacs^[15] and smart tags in Microsoft Office.^[16]

History[edit]

The use of keywords as part of an identification and classification system long predates computers. Paper data storage devices, notably edge-notched cards, that permitted classification and sorting by multiple criteria were already in use prior to the twentieth century, and faceted classification has been used by libraries since the 1930s.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Unixtext editorEmacs offered a companion software program called Tags that could automatically build a table of cross-references called a tags table that Emacs could use to jump between a function call and that function's definition.^[17] This use of the word 'tag' did not refer to metadata tags, but was an early use of the word 'tag' in software to refer to a word index.

Online databases and early websites deployed keyword tags as a way for publishers to help users find content. In the early days of the World Wide Web, the keywordsmeta element was used by web designers to tell web search engines what the web page was about, but these keywords were only visible in a web page's source code and were not modifiable by users.

In 1997, the collaborative portal 'A Description of the Equator and Some ØtherLands' produced by documenta X, Germany, used the folksonomic term Tag for its co-authors and guest authors on its Upload page.^[18] In 'The Equator' the term Tag for user-input was described as an abstract literal or keyword to aid the user. However, users defined singular Tags, and did not share Tags at that point.

In 2003, the social bookmarking website Delicious provided a way for its users to add 'tags' to their bookmarks (as a way to help find them later);^[2]:162 Delicious also provided browseable aggregated views of the bookmarks of all users featuring a particular tag.^[19] Within a couple of years, the photo sharing website Flickr allowed its users to add their own text tags to each of their pictures, constructing flexible and easy metadata that made the pictures highly searchable.^[20] The success of Flickr and the influence of Delicious popularized the concept,^[21] and other social software websites—such as YouTube, Technorati, and Last.fm—also implemented tagging.^[22] In 2005, the Atomweb syndication standard provided a 'category' element for inserting subject categories into web feeds, and in 2007 Tim Bray proposed a 'tag' URN.^[23]

Examples[edit]

Within a blog[edit]

Many blog systems (and other web content management systems) allow authors to add free-form tags to a post, along with (or instead of) placing the post into a predetermined category.^[5] For example, a post may display that it has been tagged with baseball and tickets. Each of those tags is usually a web link leading to an index page listing all of the posts associated with that tag. The blog may have a sidebar listing all the tags in use on that blog, with each tag leading to an index page. To reclassify a post, an author edits its list of tags. All connections between posts are automatically tracked and updated by the blog software; there is no need to relocate the page within a complex hierarchy of categories.

Within application software[edit]

Some desktop applications and web applications feature their own tagging systems, such as email tagging in Gmail and Mozilla Thunderbird,^[12]:73 bookmark tagging in Firefox,^[24] audio tagging in iTunes or Winamp, and photo tagging in various applications.^[25] Some of these applications display collections of tags as tag clouds.^[6]

Assigned to computer files[edit]

There are various systems for applying tags to the files in a computer's file system. In Apple's macOS, the operating system has allowed users to assign multiple arbitrary tags as extended file attributes to any file or folder ever since OS X 10.9 was released in 2013,^[26] and before that time the open-source OpenMeta standard provided similar tagging functionality in macOS.^[27] Several semantic file systems that implement tags are available for the Linux kernel, including Tagsistant.^[28]Microsoft Windows allows users to set tags only on Microsoft Office documents and some kinds of picture files.^[29]

Cross-platform file tagging standards include Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP), an ISO standard for embedding metadata into popular image, video and document file formats, such as JPEG and PDF, without breaking their readability by applications that do not support XMP.^[30] XMP largely supersedes the earlier IPTC Information Interchange Model. Exif is a standard that specifies the image and audio file formats used by digital cameras, including some metadata tags.^[31]TagSpaces is an open-source cross-platform application for tagging files; it inserts tags into the filename.^[32]

For an event[edit]

An official tag is a keyword adopted by events and conferences for participants to use in their web publications, such as blog entries, photos of the event, and presentation slides.^[33] Search engines can then index them to make relevant materials related to the event searchable in a uniform way. In this case, the tag is part of a controlled vocabulary.

In research[edit]

A researcher may work with a large collection of items (e.g. press quotes, a bibliography, images) in digital form. If he/she wishes to associate each with a small number of themes (e.g. to chapters of a book, or to sub-themes of the overall subject), then a group of tags for these themes can be attached to each of the items in the larger collection.^[34] In this way, freeform classification allows the author to manage what would otherwise be unwieldy amounts of information.^[35]

Special types[edit]

Triple tags[edit]

A triple tag or machine tag uses a special syntax to define extra semantic information about the tag, making it easier or more meaningful for interpretation by a computer program.^[36] Triple tags comprise three parts: a namespace, a predicate, and a value. For example, geo:long=50.123456 is a tag for the geographical longitude coordinate whose value is 50.123456. This triple structure is similar to the Resource Description Framework model for information.

The triple tag format was first devised for geolicious in November 2004,^[37] to map Delicious bookmarks, and gained wider acceptance after its adoption by Mappr and GeoBloggers to map Flickr photos.^[38] In January 2007, Aaron Straup Cope at Flickr introduced the term machine tag as an alternative name for the triple tag, adding some questions and answers on purpose, syntax, and use.^[39]

Specialized metadata for geographical identification is known as geotagging; machine tags are also used for other purposes, such as identifying photos taken at a specific event or naming species using binomial nomenclature.^[40]

Hashtags[edit]

A hashtag is a kind of metadata tag marked by the prefix #, sometimes known as a 'hash' symbol. This form of tagging is used on microblogging and social networking services such as Twitter, Facebook, Google+, VK and Instagram.

Knowledge tags[edit]

A knowledge tag is a type of meta-information that describes or defines some aspect of a piece of information (such as a document, digital image, database table, or web page).^[41] Knowledge tags are more than traditional non-hierarchical keywords or terms; they are a type of metadata that captures knowledge in the form of descriptions, categorizations, classifications, semantics, comments, notes, annotations, hyperdata, hyperlinks, or references that are collected in tag profiles (a kind of ontology).^[41] These tag profiles reference an information resource that resides in a distributed, and often heterogeneous, storage repository.^[41]

Knowledge tags are part of a knowledge management discipline that leverages Enterprise 2.0 methodologies for users to capture insights, expertise, attributes, dependencies, or relationships associated with a data resource.^[3]:251[42] Different kinds of knowledge can be captured in knowledge tags, including factual knowledge (that found in books and data), conceptual knowledge (found in perspectives and concepts), expectational knowledge (needed to make judgments and hypothesis), and methodological knowledge (derived from reasoning and strategies).^[42] These forms of knowledge often exist outside the data itself and are derived from personal experience, insight, or expertise. Knowledge tags are considered an expansion of the information itself that adds additional value, context, and meaning to the information. Knowledge tags are valuable for preserving organizational intelligence that is often lost due to turnover, for sharing knowledge stored in the minds of individuals that is typically isolated and unharnessed by the organization, and for connecting knowledge that is often lost or disconnected from an information resource.^[43]

Advantages and disadvantages[edit]

In a typical tagging system, there is no explicit information about the meaning or semantics of each tag, and a user can apply new tags to an item as easily as applying older tags.^[2] Hierarchical classification systems can be slow to change, and are rooted in the culture and era that created them; in contrast, the flexibility of tagging allows users to classify their collections of items in the ways that they find useful, but the personalized variety of terms can present challenges when searching and browsing.

When users can freely choose tags (creating a folksonomy, as opposed to selecting terms from a controlled vocabulary), the resulting metadata can include homonyms (the same tags used with different meanings) and synonyms (multiple tags for the same concept), which may lead to inappropriate connections between items and inefficient searches for information about a subject.^[44] For example, the tag 'orange' may refer to the fruit or the color, and items related to a version of the Linux kernel may be tagged 'Linux', 'kernel', 'Penguin', 'software', or a variety of other terms. Users can also choose tags that are different inflections of words (such as singular and plural),^[45] which can contribute to navigation difficulties if the system does not include stemming of tags when searching or browsing. Larger-scale folksonomies address some of the problems of tagging, in that users of tagging systems tend to notice the current use of 'tag terms' within these systems, and thus use existing tags in order to easily form connections to related items. In this way, folksonomies may collectively develop a partial set of tagging conventions.

Complex system dynamics[edit]

Despite the apparent lack of control, research has shown that a simple form of shared vocabulary emerges in social bookmarking systems. Collaborative tagging exhibits a form of complex systems dynamics (or self-organizing dynamics).^[46] Thus, even if no central controlled vocabulary constrains the actions of individual users, the distribution of tags converges over time to stable power law distributions.^[46] Once such stable distributions form, simple folksonomic vocabularies can be extracted by examining the correlations that form between different tags. In addition, research has suggested that it is easier for machine learning algorithms to learn tag semantics when users tag 'verbosely'—when they annotate resources with a wealth of freely associated, descriptive keywords.^[47]

Spamming[edit]

Tagging systems open to the public are also open to tag spam, in which people apply an excessive number of tags or unrelated tags to an item (such as a YouTube video) in order to attract viewers. This abuse can be mitigated using human or statistical identification of spam items.^[48] The number of tags allowed may also be limited to reduce spam.

Syntax[edit]

Some tagging systems provide a single text box to enter tags, so to be able to tokenize the string, a separator must be used. Two popular separators are the space character and the comma. To enable the use of separators in the tags, a system may allow for higher-level separators (such as quotation marks) or escape characters. Systems can avoid the use of separators by allowing only one tag to be added to each input widget at a time, although this makes adding multiple tags more time-consuming.

A syntax for use within HTML is to use the rel-tagmicroformat which uses the rel attribute with value 'tag' (i.e., rel='tag') to indicate that the linked-to page acts as a tag for the current context.^[49]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Some users, however, see tags not as metadata but as 'just more content': Berendt, Bettina; Hanser, Christoph (2007). 'Tags are not metadata, but 'just more content'—to some people'(PDF). Proceedings of the International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM), Boulder, Colorado, USA, March 26–28, 2007. Menlo Park, CA: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence. OCLC799635928.
2. ^ ^abcdeSmith, Gene (2008). Tagging: people-powered metadata for the social web. Berkeley: New Riders Press. ISBN9780321529176. OCLC154806677.
3. ^ ^abcdefBreslin, John G.; Passant, Alexandre; Decker, Stefan (2009). The social semantic web. Heidelberg; New York: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01172-6. ISBN9783642011719. OCLC506401195.
4. ^ ^abJones, Rodney H.; Hafner, Christoph A. (2012). 'Networks and organization'. Understanding digital literacies: a practical introduction. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge. pp. 23–28. ISBN9780415673167. OCLC711041611.
5. ^ ^abFor example, Blogger and WordPress can display tag clouds.
6. ^ ^abFor example: Leap is a macOS application that features a clickable tag cloud of macOS tags: Hampton-Smith, Sam (12 April 2013). 'The pro designer's guide to photo organization'. creativebloq.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2017. As with all the other options here, meta data can be added to individual files to help improve their find-ability, and uniquely the tag cloud field within Leap's interface allows you to quickly drill down to individually labelled files without fuss. TaggTool is a Windows application that permits tagging files and displaying a tag cloud: Henry, Alan (28 April 2010). 'TaggTool: organize your files by keyword'. pcmag.com. PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
7. ^Heymann, Paul; Garcia-Molina, Hector (2006). Collaborative creation of communal hierarchical taxonomies in social tagging systems (Technical report). Stanford University. Summarized in: Heymann, Paul (2006). 'Tag hierarchies'. infolab.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
8. ^Quintarelli, Emanuele; Resmini, Andrea; Rosati, Luca (June 2007). 'Information architecture: Facetag: integrating bottom-up and top-down classification in a social tagging system'. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 33 (5): 10–15. doi:10.1002/bult.2007.1720330506.
9. ^Wu, Harris; Zubair, Mohammad; Maly, Kurt (2007). 'Collaborative classification of growing collections with evolving facets'. Proceedings of the eighteenth conference on hypertext and hypermedia, Manchester, UK, September 10–12, 2007. HT '07. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 167–170. CiteSeerX10.1.1.452.44. doi:10.1145/1286240.1286289. ISBN9781595938206.
10. ^Carcillo, Franco; Rosati, Luca (2007). 'Tags for citizens: integrating top-down and bottom-up classification in the Turin municipality website'. In Schuler, Douglas (ed.). Online communities and social computing: second international conference, OCSC 2007, held as part of HCI International 2007, Beijing, China, July 22–27, 2007: proceedings. 4564. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 256–264. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73257-0_29. ISBN9783540732563. OCLC184906067.
11. ^Wilson, Katie (2007). 'OPAC 2.0: next generation online library catalogues ride the Web 2.0 wave!'. Online Currents. 21 (10): 406–413.
12. ^ ^abYee, Raymond (2008). 'Understanding tagging and folksonomies'. Pro Web 2.0 mashups: remixing data and Web services. The expert's voice in Web development. Berkeley: Apress. pp. 61–75. doi:10.1007/978-1-4302-0286-8_3. ISBN9781590598580. OCLC148910044.
13. ^Willey, Eric (2011). 'A cautious partnership: the growing acceptance of folksonomy as a complement to indexing digital images and catalogs'. Library Student Journal. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
14. ^Gerolimos, Michalis (January 2013). 'Tagging for libraries: a review of the effectiveness of tagging systems for library catalogs'. Journal of Library Metadata. 13 (1): 36–58. doi:10.1080/19386389.2013.778730.
15. ^Raman, T. V. (1997). Auditory user interfaces: toward the speaking computer. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 107. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6225-2. ISBN978-0792399841. OCLC37109286. Calling a function defined in one compilation unit from within another is analogous to cross references in large hypertext documents. By using tags tables, the Emacs environment enables the user to turn program source code into powerful hypertext documents.
16. ^Wempen, Faithe (2010). Teach yourself visually Microsoft Access 2010. Teach yourself visually. Indianapolis: John Wiley & Sons. p. 69. ISBN9780470577653. OCLC495271168. You can turn on smart tags for a field to make it easier to cross-reference data between the Access database and Microsoft Outlook (or another personal information and e-mail program) and the Web.
17. ^Meyrowitz, Norman; Dam, Andries (September 1982). 'Interactive Editing Systems: Part II'. ACM Computing Surveys. 14 (3): 353–415 (366–367). doi:10.1145/356887.356890. EMACS is an M.I.T. display editor designed to be 'extensible, customizable, and self-documenting' [..] Another interesting facility for program editing is the TAGS package. The separate program TAGS builds a TAGS table containing the file name and position in that file in which each application program function is defined. This table is loaded into EMACS; specifying the command Meta, function name causes EMACS to select the appropriate file and go to the proper function definition within that file.
18. ^'A Description of the Equator and Some ØtherLands'. aporee.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2001. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
19. ^See, for example: Screenshot of tags on del.icio.us in 2004 and Screenshot of a tag page on del.icio.us, also in 2004, both published by Joshua Schachter on July 9, 2007.
20. ^Garrett, Jesse James (4 August 2005). 'An Interview with Flickr's Eric Costello'. Tags were not in the initial version of Flickr. Stewart Butterfield wanted to add them. He liked the way they worked on del.icio.us, the social bookmarking application. We added very simple tagging functionality, so you could tag your photos, and then look at all your photos with a particular tag, or any one person's photos with a particular tag. Soon thereafter, users started telling us that what was really interesting about tagging was not just how you've tagged your photos, but how the whole Flickr community has been tagging photos. So we started seeing a lot of requests from users to be able to see a global view of the tagscape.
21. ^Mathes, Adam (December 2004). 'Folksonomies: cooperative classification and communication through shared metadata'. adammathes.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
22. ^Gupta, Manish; Li, Rui; Yin, Zhijun; Han, Jiawei (2011). 'An overview of social tagging and applications'. In Aggarwal, Charu C. (ed.). Social network data analytics. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 447–497. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8462-3_16. ISBN9781441984616. OCLC709712928.
23. ^Bray, Tim (1 February 2007). 'A Uniform Resource Name (URN) namespace for tag metadata'. tbray.org. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
24. ^'Firefox tip: find bookmarks faster with tags'. blog.mozilla.org. Mozilla Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
25. ^Hinton, Mark Justice; Obermeier, Barbara; Sahlin, Doug (2010). 'Tagging photos'. Editing digital photos for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9780470591451. OCLC606841528.
26. ^Siracusa, John (22 October 2013). 'OS X 10.9 Mavericks: The Ars Technica Review: Tags'. arstechnica.com. Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
27. ^Cherp, Aleh (17 March 2011). 'Tagging'. macademic.org. Academic workflows on a Mac. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
28. ^'Extended attributes and tag file systems'. lesbonscomptes.com. 2 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
29. ^Schultz, Greg (23 March 2011). 'Tag your files for easier searches in Windows 7'. techrepublic.com. TechRepublic. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
30. ^Gasiorowski-Denis, Elizabeth (22 March 2012). 'Adobe Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) becomes an ISO standard'. iso.org. International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
31. ^Płoszajski, Grzegorz (2017). 'Metadata in long-term digital preservation'. In Traczyk, Tomasz; Ogryczak, Włodzimierz; Pałka, Piotr; Śliwiński, Tomasz (eds.). Digital preservation: putting it to work. Studies in computational intelligence. 700. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 15–61. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51801-5_2. ISBN9783319518008. OCLC969844731.
32. ^Devcic, Ivana Isadora (9 October 2015). 'Tag, you're it! How to manage files on Linux with TagSpaces'. makeuseof.com. MakeUseOf. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
33. ^Finch, Curt (26 May 2011). 'Hashtag techniques for businesses'. inc.com. Inc. Magazine. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
34. ^Parry, David (11 March 2007). 'Tagging files—or how to keep research organized'. academhack.outsidethetext.com. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
35. ^Smith, Richard (December 2010). 'Strategies for coping with information overload'. The BMJ. 341: c7126. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7126. PMID21159764.
36. ^Bainbridge, Scott; Page, Geoff; Jaroensutasinee, Mullica; Jaroensutasinee, Krisanadej (September 2011). 'Towards a services based architecture for real time marine observing data'. OCEANS '11 MTS/IEEE Kona, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA, 19–22 22 September 2011. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. pp. 740–745. ISBN9781457714276. OCLC777270556.
37. ^Maron, Mikel (5 November 2004). 'geo.lici.us: geotagging hosted services'. brainoff.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
38. ^Catt, Dan (11 January 2006). 'Advanced Tagging and TripleTags'. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
39. ^Straup Cope, Aaron (24 January 2007). 'Machine tags'. flickr.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
40. ^'The Encyclopedia of Life Flickr group rules'. flickr.com. Encyclopedia of Life. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017. Includes the required use of a taxonomy machine tag.
41. ^ ^abcPanda, Mrutyunjaya; El-Bendary, Nashwa; Salama, Mostafa A.; Hassanien, Aboul Ella; Abraham, Ajith (2012). 'Computational social networks: tools, perspectives, and challenges'(PDF). In Abraham, Ajith; Hassanien, Aboul-Ella (eds.). Computational social networks: tools, perspectives, and applications. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 3–23 [14–15]. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4048-1_1. ISBN9781447140474. OCLC798568503.
42. ^ ^abWiig, Karl M. (March 1997). 'Knowledge management: an introduction and perspective'. Journal of Knowledge Management. 1 (1): 6–14. doi:10.1108/13673279710800682.
43. ^Alavi, Maryam; Leidner, Dorothy E. (February 1999). 'Knowledge management systems: issues, challenges, and benefits'. Communications of the AIS. 1 (2es): 1.
44. ^Golder, Scott A.; Huberman, Bernardo A. (April 2006). 'Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems'. Journal of Information Science. 32 (2): 198–208. doi:10.1177/0165551506062337.
45. ^Devens, Keith (24 December 2004). 'Singular vs. plural tags in a tag-based categorization system (such as del.icio.us)'. keithdevens.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
46. ^ ^abHalpin, Harry; Robu, Valentin; Shepherd, Hana (2007). 'The complex dynamics of collaborative tagging'(PDF). Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web, Banff, Alberta, Canada, May 08–12, 2007. WWW '07. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 211–220. CiteSeerX10.1.1.78.5341. doi:10.1145/1242572.1242602. ISBN9781595936547. OCLC173331796.
47. ^Körner, Christian; Benz, Dominik; Hotho, Andreas; Strohmaier, Markus; Stumme, Gerd (2010). 'Stop thinking, start tagging: tag semantics emerge from collaborative verbosity'(PDF). Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, April 26–30, 2010. WWW '10. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 521–530. doi:10.1145/1772690.1772744. ISBN9781605587998. OCLC671101543.
48. ^Heymann, Paul. 'Tag spam'. stanford.edu. Stanford University. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
49. ^'Microformats wiki:'. microformats.org. 10 January 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2017.

Tag is a 2018 American comedy film directed by Jeff Tomsic (in his directorial debut) and written by Rob McKittrick and Mark Steilen. The film is based on a true story that was published in The Wall Street Journal about a group of grown men, played by Ed Helms, Jake Johnson, Hannibal Buress, Jon Hamm, and Jeremy Renner, who spend one month a year playing the game of tag.^[2][3]Annabelle Wallis, Isla Fisher, Rashida Jones, and Leslie Bibb also star. It was released on June 15, 2018, by Warner Bros. Mora saiyaan mose bole na mp3 download songs.pk. Pictures, received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $78 million worldwide.

• 4Reception

Plot[edit]

Hogan 'Hoagie' Malloy, Bob Callahan, Randy 'Chilli' Cilliano, Kevin Sable and Jerry Pierce have been playing the same game of tag since they were nine years old, starting in 1983, during the month of May. Since then, the group’s main rule of the game is that the last one tagged is “it,” until next season. With Hoagie having been the last one tagged in the previous year, he first tags Bob, now the CEO of an insurance company, by getting hired on at Bob's company as a janitor. He recruits Bob and then Chilli and Kevin for one last attempt to tag Jerry, who has never been tagged because of his strong athleticism and intelligence. Hoagie tells them that Jerry plans to retire after this year's game because of his upcoming marriage. Rebecca Crosby, a Wall Street Journal reporter doing a piece on Bob, learns of their game and joins them, deciding to write an article on the friends. They are also accompanied by Hoagie's wife Anna, who is not allowed to play as their rules state that girls weren't allowed to play, and also because she is extremely competitive.

Once they arrive at their hometown of Spokane, Washington, they lure Jerry to the local country club where he will be getting married, but they are overwhelmed by Jerry's skill. Jerry then introduces his fiancée Susan. As the others express disappointment over not being invited to the wedding despite their close relationship, Jerry knew he would almost certainly be tagged or at least targeted during the ceremonies. They agree to not play the game at any wedding-related events in exchange for invitations to the wedding. Despite this, the group makes several attempts to tag Jerry both before and right after wedding-related events.

The group sneaks into his house at night, learning that Jerry has upped his game with various outfits and even Chloroform. Hoagie also notices a receipt for Jerry's tuxedo, learning that he will pick it up the next morning. Before they could learn anything more, they are forced to leave when Jerry sets up a convincing ruse that he is in Hoagie’s bedroom with his old stuffed bear from childhood, but in actuality, he was in his own basement the whole time. The next morning, Hoagie, knowing where Jerry will be, disguises himself as an elderly woman and ambushes Jerry at the mall, but is defeated. Then, at a rehearsal dinner at the country club, Jerry invites Cheryl Deakins, Bob and Chilli’s high school crush, to distract the group, and the attempt to tag Jerry results in a golf car chase that eventually leaves Hoagie, Chilli, and Kevin all caught in painful traps in the woods, set by Jerry and the golf grounds crew. During the rehearsal dinner, Susan reveals to the guys that she is pregnant.

Defeated, the group try to build a new plan. After finding out Jerry attends Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, the group decide to strike his next meeting, which is on his wedding day. In preparation, they lock every exit, lay mousetraps on the ground outside to keep Jerry from jumping from windows, and dress up as members of AA. They make their move and almost tag Jerry, but once he finds himself trapped, Jerry retreats to the communion wine storage. He stays there for hours as the guys besiege the room, until Susan comes by, with the wedding just a few hours away. Susan berates Jerry and the others for risking the wedding for a childish game but suddenly appears to fall faint and have a miscarriage. Jerry comes out to help. Chilli is convinced that it is a ruse, but the situation seems authentic, and Jerry himself also tells them he is not playing around and the two leave.

The guys receive texts that the wedding is postponed due to the potential miscarriage. However, a suspicious Anna sees that the bridesmaids all made similar Instagram posts. With one of the bridesmaids having a crush on Bob, and also having a private profile, Anna creates a fake profile for Bob in order to bait the bridesmaid for the truth. Once they get access, they see a post from the bridesmaid of Susan in her dress, showing that the wedding is still on schedule. Incensed by the trick, the gang decide to crash the wedding. Upon their arrival, Susan confirms the hoax, including the pregnancy being fake. Angry at Jerry for lying, Hoagie decides to tag Jerry at the end of the ceremony after the doves are released. Hoagie charges at Jerry, but narrowly misses and ends up accidentally tackling the pastor to the ground. Hoagie then loses consciousness, which Jerry thinks is a ruse, but Anna confirms that Hoagie's condition is serious and calls for an ambulance.

Everyone meets up at the hospital where Hoagie tells them he has liver cancer. Knowing he may not be alive for the next season, Hoagie lied about Jerry quitting because he wanted to reunite everyone for one last attempt to tag him. Jerry laments at not being as close to the rest of the group, and states that it should have been the four of them up there as his groomsmen. At his friends and wife’s urging, Jerry finally swallows his pride and allows Hoagie to tag him. With only five minutes left the group continues the game, running around the hospital as they did as children, and change their rules so Anna, Rebecca, and Susan can play as well.

Before the credits roll, multiple photographs and video clips are displayed, showing the real group of ten men that inspired the film, who continue to play to this day.^[when?]

Cast[edit]

• Ed Helms as Hogan 'Hoagie' Malloy
  • Jaren Lewison as Teen Hogan
  • Braxton Bjerken as Young Hogan
• Jeremy Renner as Jerry Pierce
  • Maxwell Ross as Teen Jerry
  • Brayden Benson as Young Jerry
• Jon Hamm as Bob Callahan
  • Elijah Marcano as Teen Bob
  • Braxton Alexander as Young Bob
• Jake Johnson as Randy 'Chilli' Cilliano
  • Kevin Moody as Teen Randy
  • Tyler Crumley as Young Randy
• Hannibal Buress as Kevin Sable
  • Xavion Shelton as Teen Kevin
  • Legend Williams as Young Kevin
• Annabelle Wallis as Rebecca Crosby, a Wall Street Journal reporter
• Isla Fisher as Anna Malloy, Hogan's wife
• Rashida Jones as Cheryl Deakins
  • Kella Raines as Teen Cheryl
  • Th'Yana Star as Young Cheryl
• Leslie Bibb as Susan Rollins, Jerry's fiancée
• Steve Berg as Louis
• Nora Dunn as Linda, Hogan's mother
• Brian Dennehy as Mr. Cilliano, Randy’s father
• Thomas Middleditch as Dave
• Lil Rel Howery as Reggie
• Sebastian Maniscalco as Pastor
• Carrie Brownstein as Therapist (uncredited)^[4]

Production[edit]

Name Tags

The film is based on a real-life group of friends from Spokane, Washington, known for playing a month-long game of tag every February over a 28-year period, governed by a contract written by Patrick J. Schultheis.^[5][6] The group was profiled in The Wall Street Journal in January 2013,^[7] after which they began receiving offers to adapt their story into a film. They sold the rights to their story the next month.^[7][8] It was initially developed with Will Ferrell and Jack Black in mind; however, both eventually left the project.^[9]

By March 2016, Ferrell and Black were no longer attached to the project, Jeff Tomsic was set to direct the film, and Ed Helms and Tracy Morgan were cast.^[10] In April 2017, Jeremy Renner and Hannibal Buress joined the cast.^[11] In May, Jake Johnson and Annabelle Wallis were cast.^[12][13]Jon Hamm, Isla Fisher and Rashida Jones were cast in June, with filming due to begin in Atlanta, Georgia later in the month,^[14][15] specifically on June 23, with casting for extras issued.^[16]Leslie Bibb was added to the cast as filming began on June 20.^[17]

Principal photography began in June 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia.^[18] In July 2017, Jeremy Renner fractured his right elbow and left wrist after falling 20 feet while performing a stunt.^[19] He ended up performing the stunt a second time before going to the hospital, and the production team used CGI to remove his casts in post-production.^[20]

Reception[edit]

Box office[edit]

Tag grossed $54.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $23.4 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $78.1 million,^[1] plus $6.3 million with home video sales,^[21] against a production budget of $28 million.^[1]

In the United States and Canada, Tag was released on June 15, 2018 alongside Incredibles 2, and was projected to gross $12–16 million from 3,382 theaters in its opening weekend.^[22] The film made $1.3 million from Thursday night previews, similar to the $1 million made by fellow R-rated comedy Game Night the previous February, and $5.4 million on its first day. It went on to open to $14.9 million, finishing third at the box office, a figure Deadline Hollywood said 'isn't bad, isn't good, it's OK' considering its $28 million production cost.^[23] It dropped 45% to $8.5 million in its second weekend, finishing fourth, and $5.6 million in its third weekend, finishing sixth.^[24][25]

Critical response[edit]

Tag Grenoble

On review aggregatorRotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 56% based on 186 reviews, and an average rating of 5.42/10. The website's critical consensus reads, 'For audiences seeking a dose of high-concept yet undemanding action comedy, Tag might be close enough to it.'^[26] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating 'mixed or average reviews'.^[27] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of 'B+' on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 78% overall positive score.^[23]

Home media[edit]

Tag was released on digital copy on August 17, 2018, and on DVD and Blu-ray on August 28, 2018.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcd'Tag (2018)'. Box Office Mojo. Amazon. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
2. ^Medeiros, Madison (March 20, 2018). 'The Unbelievable True Story Of A 23-Year-Old Game Of Tag Is Now A Movie'. Refinery29. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
3. ^Adams, Russell (January 28, 2013). 'It Takes Planning, Caution to Avoid Being 'It''. The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
4. ^Scott, A.O (June 14, 2018). 'Review: 'Tag,' You're It. Playing the Long Game Into Middle Age'. The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
5. ^Lamberson, Carolyn (March 20, 2018). ''Tag' you're it: Spokane-born, decades-long game of tag coming to the big screen'. Spokesman-Review. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
6. ^'TAG Participation Agreement'(PDF). University of Chicago Law School. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
7. ^ ^abLussier, Germain (February 14, 2013). 'Real Life 23-Year-Long Game of Tag To Be Turned into a Movie'. /Film. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
8. ^Clark, Doug (May 26, 2013). 'Clark: The game of tag that never ends'. Spokesman-Review. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
9. ^Fleming, Mike Jr. (May 13, 2013). 'Medieval Times Headed For Movie Screen'. Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
10. ^Fleming Jr., Mike (October 25, 2016). 'Ed Helms & Morgan Freeman Up For Game Of 'TAG' At New Line'. Deadline. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
11. ^Kroll, Justin (April 5, 2017). 'Jeremy Renner and Hannibal Buress Join Ed Helms in New Line's 'Tag' (EXCLUSIVE)'. Variety. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
12. ^Kroll, Justin (May 10, 2017). ''New Girl' Star Jake Johnson Joins Ed Helms, Jeremy Renner Comedy 'Tag' (EXCLUSIVE)'. Variety. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
13. ^Tartaglione, Nancy (May 23, 2017). 'Annabelle Wallis Tapped For 'Tag'; Jeremy Renner, Ed Helms Comedy From New Line'. Deadline. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
14. ^'Jon Hamm Joins Ed Helms, Jeremy Renner in New Line Comedy 'Tag' (Exclusive)'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
15. ^'Isla Fisher Joins Ed Helms, Jeremy Renner in New Line Comedy 'Tag' (Exclusive)'. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
16. ^'Tracy Morgan's 'TAG' Atlanta Casting Call for a Country Club Scene'. Project Casting. June 13, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
17. ^Hipes, Patrick (June 20, 2017). 'Leslie Bibb Game For New Line Comedy 'Tag''. Deadline. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
18. ^McNary, Dave (June 13, 2017). 'Isla Fisher Joins Ed Helms, Jeremy Renner in Comedy 'Tag''. Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
19. ^Barraclough, Leo (July 7, 2017). 'Jeremy Renner Fractured Both Arms During Stunt Gone Wrong'. Variety. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
20. ^Sharf, Zach (June 6, 2018). 'Jeremy Renner Finally Reveals How He Broke Both Arms During 'Tag' Filming: 'I Couldn't Rotate My Hands''. IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
21. ^'Tag (2018)'. The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
22. ^D'Alessandro, Anthony (June 12, 2018). ''Incredibles 2' Poised To Squash 'Dory's $135M All-Time Opening Record For Animated Pic'. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
23. ^ ^abD'Alessandro, Anthony (June 17, 2018). ''Incredibles 2' Even Stronger As Pixar Pic Soars To Amazing $181M – Early Sunday Update'. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
24. ^D'Alessandro, Anthony (June 24, 2018). ''Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom' With $150M Reps Uni's 2nd Highest Opening Ever – Sunday'. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
25. ^D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 1, 2018). 'At $2.5B To Date, Summer's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined; Dinos Still Rule With $60M+ Second Weekend'. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 1, 2018.
26. ^'Tag (2018)'. Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
27. ^'Tag Reviews'. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 7, 2018.

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Tag on IMDb
• Tag at AllMovie